What pigments are responsible for the color changes in autumn leaves?

Xanthophylls are a class of pigments that play a crucial role in the coloration of autumn leaves. During the growing season, chlorophyll is the dominant pigment, giving leaves their green color. As the days grow shorter and temperatures drop in autumn, chlorophyll breaks down, allowing other pigments to become more visible.

Xanthophylls, which are yellow pigments, are present in leaves throughout the growing season but become more prominent as chlorophyll fades. They help in the process of photosynthesis by protecting the plant from excess light and preventing damage to plant tissues.

In addition to xanthophylls, carotenoids contribute to the yellow and orange hues of leaves, while anthocyanins can add shades of red and purple to some plant species as they form in response to the changing chemical environment within the leaf. The interplay of these pigments during fall leads to the vibrant and varied colors that characterize autumn foliage.